Fault displacement hazard estimation at lifeline–fault crossings: A simplified approach for engineering applications

Abstract Lifelines, such as pipelines, roads, and tunnels, are critical infrastructure when crossing active tectonic faults, a reliable estimation of the fault displacement in case an earthquake is required. The first simplest approach to use empirical scaling relations compute design displacement, but this may result unknown level safety. Thus, probabilistic hazard analysis (PFDHA) appropriate tool assess within performance-based framework. Based upon established PFDHA model, we present simplified for engineering applications focusing on lifeline–fault along with simplifications assumptions extend its applicability numerous faults. aim provide structure-independent that can be used site-specific study not required, possible (e.g., absence recent sediments dating past events), or too cumbersome, e.g., lifeline route selection. Additionally, in-depth investigation presented key parameters, maximum magnitude, length, recurrence rate all earthquakes above minimum lifeline-fault site, how they affect level. This will basis deriving hazard-consistent expressions approximate Eurocodes. latter intended serve compromise between hazard-agnostic comprehensive PFDHA, which requires detailed calculations seismological data.